This also suggests that if that reality is fabricated as an interior essence, that very interiority is an effect and function of decidedly public and social discourse, the public regulation of fantasy through the surface politics of the body, the gender border control that differentiates inner from outer, and so institutes the ‘integrity’ of the subject. A way out of this, I think, is the notion that whatever is the status quo that gives rise to the real, the “forms” or the “scripts” that are performed giving rise to intelligible performance, is discursively constituted. Images and other media may be under different licences. Thus Butler counters Lacan’s claim that female homosexuality is a disappointed heterosexuality by claiming that female heterosexuality might be a disappointed homosexuality (Butler 1999: 63). When so-called illegal aliens, who are “supposed” to be in the dark, appropriate a public space, especially in an “illegal public demonstration” to sing “America’s” National Anthem in Spanish, they enact multiple contradictions that interject conflicting ruptures within notions of public/private, legal/illegal, self/other, and national/non-national “ownerships.” It is the legality that makes the illegal, and the performative reclamations, possible. Besonders anregend ist ein zweiteiliges Interview mit Judith Butler, in dem sie auf ein breites Spektrum von Fragen eingeht, die auch wichtige Themen ihrer aktuelleren Werke betreffen.
The collected volume Butler Matters testifies to Judith Butler’s extraordinary importance for feminist and queer studies and for gender research. However, critics such as Zizek have asked whether perversion can lead to subversion of the existing order (see Zizek 1999: 248). Individuals are effectively produced by this set of arrangements and made into ‘subject of the state’ (1997b: 100). Home › Feminism › Key Theories of Judith Butler, By Nasrullah Mambrol on March 11, 2018 • ( 4 ). Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter (1993); Excitable Speech (1997). Shop amongst our popular books, including 151, Gender Trouble, Bodies That Matter and more from judith butler. Her work has often been characterised as post-structuralist because of its concern to oppose all essentialist claims and to emphasise that gender relations are precisely that: relations, which implies that gender and sexuality are indeed constructed. One could too hastily object that the infant is sexed and is therefore a girl. It is not simply a mechanism of repression, or prohibition, for example. Judith Butler, in full Judith Pamela Butler, (born February 24, 1956, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.), American academic whose theories of the performative nature of gender and sex were influential within Francocentric philosophy, cultural theory, queer theory, and some schools of philosophical feminism from the late 20th century. All utterances are performed, but not all utterances are performatives. 62-3 (2007). There is no zoe to the bios or “bare life” in Agamben’s sense.17Butler, Notes, 79-80. Austin analyzed performative utterances in three parts: locution, illocution and perlocution.2J.L. Judith Butler is Maxine Elliot Professor in the Departments of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Berkeley. Creative Commons licence (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). (2005) Giving an Account of Oneself, New York: Fordham University Press. Through the uttering of words alone perlocutionary acts take place. Thus – almost despite itself, because of the critical edge – it gave feminist studies, and subsequently, queer theory, a massive shot in the arm. Thus, in contrast to the sense of the proverb, ‘words are only words’, Austin effectively argued that words are not just words, but can be acts. However, the disciplinary apparatus that produce discourses of subjection bring about the very conditions for subverting that same apparatus. Judith Butler (b.1956) received a PhD in philosophy from Yale in 1984, with a thesis on Hegelian influences in France. In The Psychic Life of Power, she focuses instead on his call to create new forms of subjectivity, forms which refuse those offered by the State and the existing power structure, and which have been imposed on people for ‘several centuries’ (Foucault, cited by Butler, 1997b: 101). Importantly, she combines speech act theory with a phenomenological theory of “acts,” Lacanian psychoanalysis, as well as a heavy dose of Foucault’s notions of subject formation to explain how social agents constitute and reconstitute reality through their performance of language, gesture and sign.6Butler, Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory (1988) 40(4) Theatre Journal 519-531; Gender Trouble (1990); The Psychic Life of Power 83 (1997). This means you are free to share/repost/republish/remix for non-commercial purposes on condition that you acknowledge CLT and link to the source page. Moreover, Kristeva is seen to privilege the maternal body and the act of birth even as these must remain without the symbolic outlet due of the Law of the Father. Butler’s Major Writings Unlike Foucault, she also wants to make a space for a psychoanalytic interpretation of the Law, which says that there is no desire without the Law that, in fact, prohibition eroticises the Law. CLT (Holding) Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of Counterpress Limited. Effectively, there seems to be no real outside to the Symbolic that can be accessed. She … Without going into too much nuanced details of Austin’s theory, one should attend to the distinction between performance and performative. Judith Butler is Maxine Elliot Professor in the Department of Comparative Literature and the Program of Critical Theory at the University of California, Berkeley. Rather than follow Foucault to the letter here, Butler notes the change in Foucault from a position in Discipline and Punish (1977 [1975]), which argued that no resistance to power was possible, to one in 1982 where it is possible. Indeed, how does one refuse what one is (the Foucauldian proposition), if it is unclear as to exactly what one is? Butler, then, favours Foucault over Lacan and rejects the Lacanian Symbolic as the sphere which sets the coordinates of our existence in advance. However, if, as Butler says, Foucault shows that resistance to power is at the same time an effect of power (the perverse thesis), this seems to be a no win, because there is no exit, situation. References For Butler, there are no natural bodies or bodies that pre-exist societal or cultural inscription. Inspired by Foucault, Butler employs the notion of performative to emphasise that the gendered body is enacted. Butler writes of three uses for performativity: 1) it “seeks to counter a certain kind of positivism,” which might be with regard to gender or the state, 2) it may “counter a certain metaphysical presumption about culturally constructed categories and to draw our attention to the diverse mechanisms of that construction” and 3) it is also useful in beginning to articulate the processes that produce ontological effects, or the naturalized assumptions of what constitutes reality.21Butler, Performative Agency, 3(2) J. For Butler, the semiotic is ultimately essentialist (and this is clearly a criticism), because of its connection to the drives – believed to be biological – and indebted, through opposition, to the socially sanctioned Symbolic: the Law of the Father, the sphere of the determination of ‘normal’ gender and sexuality. Judith Butler is one of the leading intellectuals of our age, an activist, philosopher and critical theorist who has spent decades writing some of the most acclaimed papers on gender in the canon. The point is that the subject only remains a subject so long as they are able to reiterate oneself as an identifiable, intelligible and hence governable subject, which is dependent on the subject’s ability to reiterate performatives coherently. The illocution is the effect intended in saying something (the locution determined by social conventions in particular situations, i.e. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. However syntactically, it also evokes another title – When Attitudes Become Form. But here two meanings of resistance need to be specified: social-political and psychic. and London: MIT Press. As opposed to a naturalist view, which says gender relations are imposed by nature and therefore cannot be changed in any fundamental way, the performative principle precisely enables the subversion of fixed Although Butler does not strictly adhere to an Austianian notion of speech-act theory, occasionally (re)citing John Searle, Derrida and many others, the notion that speech does something beyond the intended semantic and syntactical meanings remains a central aspect of her writings.5Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter (1993); Excitable Speech (1997). According to Butler, even though feminism had been engaged in achieving rights for women, it had not really questioned the hegemonic characteristics of a male who identifies with being male and who therefore seeks out a female sexual partner, or of a female who therefore identifies with being female and seeks out a male partner. Nussbaum, Martha (1999), ‘The Professor of Parody’, The New Republic, 2 February, accessible via ‘The New Republic Online’ at

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