Using his Whig victory as a mandate for reform, Grey was unrelenting in the pursuit of this goal, using every parliamentary device to achieve it. Although the first three Hanoverians rarely attended Cabinet meetings they insisted on their prerogatives to appoint and dismiss ministers and to direct policy even if from outside the Cabinet. Relieving the Sovereign of these responsibilities and gaining control over the Cabinet's composition was an essential part of evolution of the Premiership. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers, and advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the Royal Prerogative. Boris Johnson, britischer Premierminister seit 24. [citation needed], The prime minister is the head of the United Kingdom government. It is more than doubtful, indeed, if it be possible in this generation, when the burdens of Empire and of office have so incalculably grown, for any Prime Minister to discharge the duties of his high office with the same thoroughness or in the same spirit as Peel. The United Kingdom had suspended elections during the war, and elections were … Parliament became a permanent feature of political life. ... Peel kept a strict supervision over every department: he seems to have been master of the business of each and all of them. Because the premiership was not intentionally created, there is no exact date when its evolution began. King George I called on Robert Walpole, well known for his political and financial acumen, to handle the emergency. "Such conduct", the Queen said, "is unheard of and the only excuse is—that he is not quite sane. Increasingly during the 20th century, the office and role of Prime Minister featured in statute law and official documents; however, the prime minister's powers and relationships with other institutions still largely continue to derive from ancient royal prerogatives and historic and modern constitutional conventions. However, in 1708, when the Whigs obtained a majority, Anne did not call on them to form a government, refusing to accept the idea that politicians could force themselves on her merely because their party had a majority. Standing Order 66 remains in effect today (though renumbered as no. In addition, the prime minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons (the lower chamber of Parliament). British governments (or ministries) are generally formed by one party. [note 5] King George threatened to abdicate but in the end reluctantly agreed out of necessity: he had to have a government. [42] George Grenville, Prime Minister in the 1760s, said it was "an odious title" and never used it. However, prime ministerial income compares favourably to … [31][59] Associated initially with the Whigs, the Tories started to accept it. The king agreed and created the Treasury Commission consisting of the First Lord of the Treasury, the Second Lord, and three Junior Lords. Grey set an example and a precedent for his successors. By convention, the serving prime minister is given the first opportunity to reach agreements that will allow them to survive a vote of confidence in the House and continue to govern. Vying for control to avoid chaos, the Crown's ministers gained an advantage in 1706, when the Commons informally declared, "That this House will receive no petition for any sum of money relating to public Service, but what is recommended from the Crown." [23] Jonathan Swift, for example, wrote that in 1713 there had been "those who are now commonly called Prime Minister among us", referring to Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin and Robert Harley, Queen Anne's Lord Treasurers and chief ministers. The Tories' wholesale conversion started when Pitt was confirmed as Prime Minister in the election of 1784. The representation of 56 rotten boroughs was eliminated completely, together with half the representation of 30 others; the freed up seats were distributed to boroughs created for previously disenfranchised areas. In 1834, King William IV dismissed Melbourne as premier, but was forced to recall him when Robert Peel, the king's choice, could not form a working majority. Prior to 1902, the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. Under this form of government, called the Westminster system, the Sovereign is head of state and titular head of Her Majesty's Government. Gladstone, who saw little value in the Empire, proposed an anti-Imperialist policy (later called "Little England"), and cultivated the image of himself (and the Liberal Party) as "man of the people" by circulating pictures of himself cutting down great oak trees with an axe as a hobby. [note 2]. [citation needed] Although this form of address is employed on formal occasions, it is rarely used by the media. ", Langer, Ana Inés. Since 1722, most prime ministers have been members of the Commons; since 1902, all have had a seat there. Lord North, for example, who had said the office was "unknown to the constitution", reversed himself in 1783 when he said, "In this country some one man or some body of men like a Cabinet should govern the whole and direct every measure. "[80], Campaigning directly to the people became commonplace. The balance are Lords Spiritual (prelates of the Anglican Church). Treasury officials and other department heads were drawn into Parliament serving as liaisons between it and the sovereign. Their detachment from the electoral process and the selection of the prime minister has been a convention of the constitution for almost 200 years. [11] The British constitution consists of many documents and most importantly for the evolution of the office of the prime minister, it is based on customs known as constitutional conventions that became accepted practice. The term "Cabinet" first appears after the Revolutionary Settlement to describe those ministers who conferred privately with the sovereign. This principle states that the decisions made by any one Cabinet member become the responsibility of the entire Cabinet. Gladstone went beyond image by appealing directly to the people. Despite the "one party" convention, prime ministers may still be called upon to lead either minority or coalition governments. In 1910, for example, there were nineteen whose title was created before 1500. A prime minister need not be a party leader; David Lloyd George was not a party leader during his tenure during World War I, and neither was Ramsay MacDonald from 1931 to 1935. Passed by the Commons, the Lords rejected it. Coalitions have also been formed during times of national crisis such as war. In 1906, the Liberal Party, led by Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, won an overwhelming victory on a platform that promised social reforms for the working class. [note 6] Like other members, they are elected initially to represent only a constituency. According to the now defunct Department for Constitutional Affairs, the prime minister is made a privy counsellor as a result of taking office and should be addressed by the official title prefixed by "The Right Honourable" and not by a personal name. He never went out on the stump to campaign, even during elections; he rarely spoke directly to ordinary voters about policies and issues. Walpole is also the longest-serving British prime minister by this definition. By tradition, before a new prime minister can occupy 10 Downing Street, they are required to announce to the country and the world that they have "kissed hands" with the reigning monarch, and have thus become Prime Minister. He has no statutory duties as Prime Minister, his name occurs in no Acts of Parliament, and though holding the most important place in the constitutional hierarchy, he has no place which is recognised by the laws of his country. The concept of "the Crown" resolves this paradox. [8] The first to use the title in an official act was Benjamin Disraeli, who signed the Treaty of Berlin as "Prime Minister of her Britannic Majesty" in 1878. Although Walpole is now called the "first" prime minister, the title was not commonly used during his tenure. Boris Johnson was born to British parents in New York City in 1964. [18] By the late Tudor period, the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State,[18] and was often (though not always) the dominant figure in government: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (Lord High Treasurer, 1547–1549),[19] served as Lord Protector to his prepubescent nephew Edward VI;[19] William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (Lord High Treasurer, 1572–1598),[20] was the dominant minister to Elizabeth I;[20] Burghley's son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, succeeded his father as chief minister to Elizabeth I (1598–1603) and was eventually appointed by James I as Lord High Treasurer (1608–1612). North was the first prime minister to resign following a vote of no confidence. Unusually, he became Earl of Stockton only in 1984, over twenty years after leaving office. Unequivocal legal recognition was given in the Ministers of the Crown Act 1937, which made provision for payment of a salary to the person who is both "the First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister". As the actual head of government, the prime minister selects the Cabinet, choosing its members from among those in Parliament who agree or generally agree with his or her intended policies. As the chief legal advisor to the Monarch of the United Kingdom, the prime minister is the chief minister of the Crown and a senior member of the Privy Council. After the outgoing prime minister has left, the incoming prime minister arrives and is formally asked by the Queen to form a government. Furthermore, the Act provided that any bill rejected by the Lords would nevertheless become law if passed by the Commons in three successive sessions provided that two years had elapsed since its original passage. [13] Despite its growing dominance in the constitutional hierarchy, the premiership was given little formal recognition until the 20th century; the legal fiction was maintained that the Sovereign still governed directly. The Queen has a special relationship with the Prime Minister, the senior political figure in the British Government, regardless of their political party. For instance, unsuccessful attempts to form ministries – such as the two-day government formed by the. From its appearance in the fourteenth century Parliament has been a bicameral legislature consisting of the Commons and the Lords. the Master of the Horse) and members of the royal family. Coalitions are rare: since 1721, there have been fewer than a dozen. In the October 1974 general election, the Labour Party gained 18 seats, giving Wilson a majority of three. "[51], In 1905 the position was given some official recognition when the "prime minister" was named in the order of precedence, outranked, among non-royals, only by the archbishops of Canterbury and York, the moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and the lord chancellor.[52]. In his Midlothian campaign – so called because he stood as a candidate for that county – Gladstone spoke in fields, halls and railway stations to hundreds, sometimes thousands, of students, farmers, labourers and middle class workers. To become Prime Minister, one must first be the leader of their party. Opposing the king's government was considered disloyal, even treasonous, at the end of the 17th century. Led by the prime minister, the Cabinet is collectively responsible for whatever the government does. The Sovereign's representatives attended Commons sessions so regularly that they were given reserved seats at the front, known as the Treasury Bench. [16] Modern academic consensus does not consider either man to have held office as prime minister,[17] and they are therefore listed separately. Ministers had to present the government's policies, and negotiate with Members to gain the support of the majority; they had to explain the government's financial needs, suggest ways of meeting them and give an account of how money had been spent. Disraeli, who expanded the Empire to protect British interests abroad, cultivated the image of himself (and the Conservative Party) as "Imperialist", making grand gestures such as conferring the title "Empress of India" on Queen Victoria in 1876. "Leadership styles of prime ministers: How individual differences affect the foreign policymaking process. The Prime Minister is paid £150,402 a year. Before the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, the sovereign exclusively wielded the powers of the Crown; afterwards, Parliament gradually forced monarchs to assume a neutral political position. Macmillan's successors, Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher, all accepted life peerages (although Douglas-Home had previously disclaimed his hereditary title as Earl of Home). Although the modern prime minister selects ministers, appointment still rests with the sovereign. The prime minister governs. Since then, no sovereign has tried to impose a prime minister on Parliament. ", Prime Minister Gordon Brown arrives at Downing Street, Transfer of Power from James Callaghan to Margaret Thatcher, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, History of the prime minister of the United Kingdom, List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom, Powers of the prime minister of the United Kingdom, Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000, Scottish Parliament Constituencies and Electoral Regions, Welsh Parliament Constituencies and Electoral Regions, Measure of the National Assembly for Wales, Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union, Great Britain's participation in the Seven Years' War, moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (United Kingdom), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, List of peerages held by Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom, Living prime ministers of the United Kingdom, Timeline of prime ministers of the United Kingdom, List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by length of tenure, List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by age, List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by education, List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies, List of fictional Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies represented by sitting Prime Ministers, Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Category:Lists of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Air transport of the Royal Family and Government of the United Kingdom, Children of the Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Living Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Records of prime ministers of the United Kingdom, Spouse of the prime minister of the United Kingdom, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Category:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, "Salaries of Members of Her Majesty's Government from 9th June 2017", "Appendix 4: Ministerial salaries a comparison of entitlements and amounts received (since 2010), £ per annum", https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-union, "Standing Orders of the House of Commons", "The institution of Prime Minister is entrenched", "UK Politics: Talking Politics – Conventions of the constitution", "Taming the Prerogative: Strengthening Ministerial Accountability to Parliament. For the various personages who presided over the government of England and subsequently Great Britain at the pleasure of the monarch, usually with said monarch's permission, prior to the government under Robert Walpole as Prime Minister in 1721, see List of English chief ministers. When Disraeli died in 1881, Gladstone proposed a state funeral, but Disraeli's will specified that he have a private funeral and be buried next to his wife. The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the Commons. The premiership is still largely a convention of the constitution; its legal authority is derived primarily from the fact that the prime minister is also First Lord of the Treasury. A hung parliament may also lead to the formation of a coalition government in which two or more parties negotiate a joint programme to command a majority in the Commons. Lord Creevey, for example, recorded in his diary, "I dined in Downing Street with Lady Grey... After dinner the private secretary to the Prime Minister and myself being alone, I ascertained that although Lord Grey was gone to Brighton ostensibly to prick for Sheriffs for the year, his great object was to put his plan of reform before the King, previous... to its being proposed to the House of Commons. However, other ministers who have been deemed de facto deputies have held other offices. Der Titel eines Premierministers entwickelte sich allmählich aus der Machtfülle, die mit anderen Ämtern in der Regierung des Königreichs Großbritannien einherging. [citation needed] Within the UK, the expression "Prime Minister Johnson" is never used, although it, too, is sometimes used by foreign dignitaries and news sources. the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was Bonar Law,[11] although the country was not renamed officially until 1927, when Stanley Baldwin was the serving prime minister.[12]. Furthermore, many thought that the title "Prime Minister" usurped the sovereign's constitutional position as "head of the government" and that it was an affront to other ministers because they were all appointed by and equally responsible to the sovereign. Benjamin Disraeli and William Ewart Gladstone developed this new role further by projecting "images" of themselves to the public. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of the government of the United Kingdom and chairman of the British cabinet. Of these, two –, See letter, dated, "Downing Street, 30 June 1742", from, J. Holland Rose, chapter "The Irish Rebellion" in, Pares, p. 175 in a letter to the King written at the same time, North repeated the idea, "That in critical times, it is necessary that there should be one directing Minister, who should plan the whole of the operations of government, so far as to make them co-operate zealously & actively with his designs even tho' contrary to their own. Der volle Titel lautet Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Premierminister, Erster Lord des Schatzamtes und Minister für den Staatsdienst des Vereinigten Königreiches Großbritan… The Tories were in power for almost 50 years, except for a Whig ministry from 1806 to 1807. Some disgruntled Tories claimed they would repeal the bill once they regained a majority. The exclusion of non-members of Parliament from the Cabinet was essential to the development of ministerial accountability and responsibility. [46] Called Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition, they occupy the benches to the speaker's left. The Whigs, who believed in limited monarchy, wanted to exclude James, Duke of York, from succeeding to the throne because he was a Roman Catholic. Noting its significance, Lord Shaftesbury said, "It is a new thing and a very serious thing to see the Prime Minister on the stump. Boris Johnson is the Prime Minister since 24 July 2019 The Prime Minister of the United … This is the beginning of "unity of powers": the sovereign's ministers (the Executive) became leading members of Parliament (the Legislature). [5] Modern historians generally consider Sir Robert Walpole, who led the government of Great Britain for over twenty years from 1721,[6] as the first prime minister. At Asquith's request, King George V then threatened to create a sufficient number of new Liberal peers to ensure the bill's passage. Their conversion was reinforced after 1810. Britain had two prime ministers during WW1, and neither one of them was Winston Churchill. Prior to the Georgian era, the Treasury of England was led by the Lord High Treasurer. The Queen appoints the Prime Minister but he is simply the leader of party which has just won the parliamentary elections. This is usually done by saying words to the effect of: Her Majesty the Queen [His Majesty the King] has asked me to form a government and I have accepted. [10] The first prime minister of the current United Kingdom, i.e. [17] Known collectively as the Revolutionary Settlement, these acts transformed the constitution, shifting the balance of power from the Sovereign to Parliament. The term "Prime Minister" appears at this time as an unofficial title for the leader of the government, usually the head of the Treasury. [note 3][34]. [64] In practice this means that the Sovereign reviews state papers and meets regularly with the prime minister, usually weekly, when she may advise and warn him or her regarding the proposed decisions and actions of Her Government.[65]. It provided that the Lords could not delay for more than one month any bill certified by the speaker of the Commons as a money bill. [30] She never parted with an entire Ministry or accepted an entirely new one regardless of the results of an election. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they typically sit as a Member of Parliament and lead the largest party or a coalition in the House of Commons. Easily one of the best world leaders ever. A ticklish operation, this! Two recent prime ministers, Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair (who both spent a decade or more as Prime Minister), achieved celebrity status like rock stars, but have been criticised for their more 'presidential' style of leadership. This event also marks the beginnings of collective Cabinet responsibility. [46][47][48] Not until seven years later, in 1885, did the official records entrench the institution of Prime Minister, using "Prime Minister" in the list of government ministers printed in Hansard. This page was last edited on 22 March 2021, at 17:15. ", Bigham, p. 318. [38] Second, recognising that power had shifted to the Commons, he conducted the nation's business there and made it dominant over the Lords in all matters. Members of the Commons are elected; those in the Lords are not. This audience is known as ‘kissing hands’. [27] Stanhope died in February 1721 and Sunderland resigned two months later;[27] Townshend and Robert Walpole were then invited to form the next government. They became the "voice", the "face" and the "image" of the party and ministry. The prime minister is customarily a member of the Privy Council and thus entitled to the appellation "The Right Honourable". In 1697, William formed a homogeneous Whig ministry. As a joke, he said, "It was said to be very hard on His Majesty's ministers to raise objections to this proposition. Publicised nationwide, Gladstone's message became that of the party. In 2010, the prime minister received £142,500 including a salary of £65,737 as a member of parliament. [24] Since 1721, every head of the Sovereign's government – with one exception in the 18th century (William Pitt the Elder) and one in the 19th (Lord Salisbury) – has been First Lord of the Treasury. [9] In the House of Commons, the prime minister guides the law-making process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. The modern prime minister is also the leader of the Cabinet. The Lords could still delay or suspend the enactment of legislation but could no longer veto it. These practices caused confusion and dissension in Cabinet meetings; King George's experiment in personal rule was generally a failure. [18] The veto fell into disuse because sovereigns feared that if they denied legislation, Parliament would deny them money. 3. Prime Minister Attlee also sped up the independence process of India, a process which ultimately resulted in the partition of India and Pakistan. [41] At other times, there appeared to be two prime ministers. When the Lords vetoed the "People's Budget" in 1909, the controversy moved almost inevitably toward a constitutional crisis. He was primus inter pares (first among equals), as Bagehot said in 1867 of the prime minister's status. No person has ever been formally appointed Acting Prime Minister in the United Kingdom. It was not until late in the 18th century that prime ministers gained control over Cabinet composition (see section Emergence of Cabinet Government below). Many of the prime minister's executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still formally vested in the sovereign, who remains the head of state. Lord Rosebery, later a prime minister himself, said of Peel: "the model of all Prime Ministers. [54][55]:P 34, Following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British prime minister, William Pitt the Younger, believed the solution to rising Irish nationalism was a union of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. Fourth, recognising that political parties were the source of ministerial strength, he led the Whig party and maintained discipline. Although many of the sovereign's prerogative powers are still legally intact,[note 1] constitutional conventions have removed the monarch from day-to-day governance, with ministers exercising the royal prerogatives, leaving the monarch in practice with three constitutional rights: to be kept informed, to advise and to warn.[15][16]. This is a chronologically ordered list of the prime ministers, from the earliest to the most recent. The king – not Parliament – chose him; and the king – not Walpole – chose the Cabinet. First, recognising that the sovereign could no longer govern directly but was still the nominal head of the government, he insisted that he was nothing more than the "King's Servant". Rather than accept a permanent Liberal majority, the Conservative lords yielded, and the bill became law.[92]. The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective. The Bill increased the electorate to 717,000. [25] For the next three years, the government was headed by Lord Townshend, who was appointed Secretary of State for the Northern Department. [note 9] Documented by the penny press, photographs and political cartoons, their rivalry linked specific personalities with the premiership in the public mind and further enhanced its status.

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